MDMA / MDA

• Comprehensive Safrole FAQ
• Safrole from Plants
• Safrole - Synthesis & Reactions (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• Distillation of Safrole
• Determination of Essential Oil Safrole Content
• Safrole Isomerization (Review)
• Notes on the synthesis of Chloro/Bromo/Iodosafrole
• Phenyl-2-halopropanes (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• Alkyl halides to carbonyls using 2-Nitropropane (for example bromosafrole to MDP2P)
• Alkyl halides to carbonyls using NaIO₄/DMF
• Notes on the Delepine reaction
• MDMA via direct aminomercuration of safrole
• Propenylbenzenes from propiophenones
• The Complete Book Of Ecstacy
• Manufacture of MDA Analogs by Dal Cason (Really comprehensive)
• Safrole purification with Mercury(II)acetate
• MDP2P from Safrole via MDP2Pol
• MDA from MDP2Pol; the Mitsunobu reaction
• Purification of MDP2P with Sodium Bisulfite
• Purification of MDP2P via its NaI complex
• Complete MDMA Synthesis by Bright Star
• Complete MDMA Synthesis by Dr Drool
• MDA from Bromosafrole using PTC and an azide
• MDMA via Tosyl Chloride Intermediate?
• Photoamination - One step from isosafrole to MDMA
• Pseudonitrosite FAQ
• MDP2P by 2-Nitropropene Alkylation of 1,3-Benzodioxole
• Impurities in Commercially Available MDP2P

Epoxide related

• Peracid (Performic/Peracetic) oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P (Review)
• Oxidation of propenylbenzenes to P2P's using Peracetic Acid
• Electrolytic oxidation of safrole to MDP2P
• Procedure for the oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P using Oxone
• Epoxidation of propenylbenzenes using dimethyldioxirane or oxone
• MDP2P from (iso)safrole via epoxide intermediate
• Bismuth oxide perchlorate catalyzed epoxide to ketone rearrangement (PDF)
• Bismuth triflate catalyzed epoxide to ketone rearrangement (PDF)
• Epoxidation of Safrole, using H2O2 and a peroxotungstate catalyst
• Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst
• MDP2P from isosafrole via the dibromide, bromohydrin and epoxide
• Isomerisation of Epoxides to Carbonyl Compounds by Iodides in DMSO
• Electrochemical Rearrangement of Isosafrole Epoxide to MDP2P
• Photochemical Conversion of Halohydrins to Ketones

Piperonal/Catechol/Eugenol related

• Piperonal from Pepper
• Piperonal from isosafrole
• Isosafrole from piperonal
• Novel synthesis of Piperonal
• MDMA precursors from Eugenol
• Demethylation (Vanillin/Eugenol) and Methylenation (Piperonal/Safrole)
• Synthesis of 4-allyl-pyrocatechol (3,4-dihydroxy-allylbenzene)
• Synthesis of Safrole from catechol
• Synthesis of Safrole and o-Safrole
• MDP2P from piperonal via 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene
• Large-scale MDA from piperonal
• Preparation of MDP-2-nitropropene from piperonal with MeOH/NaOH
• Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and MDP2P
• Electrochemical Oxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and Isosafrole Glycol

Reductive amination

• Reductive amination of MDP2P with NaBH4
• MDA by reductive amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P using nitromethane as methylamine source [Pictures]
• Preparation of Aluminum Amalgam
• Osmium's variation of the Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P
• MDP2P/Methylamine reductive amination Osmium/BrightStar Style
• Catalytic hydrogenation of MDP2P/Methylamine to MDMA
• Reductive amination with titanium(IV)isopropoxide
• MDA from MDP2P via the oxime, reduced by sodium metal
• MDA by Al/Hg reduction of MDP2P oxime in acidic EtOH
• MDMA and MDA via the Leuckart reaction
• MDE synthesis via reductive amination with nitroethane
• MDE synthesis via reductive amination with ethylamine
• Sodium Dithionite for the Reduction of Imines and Cleavage of Oximes
• Electrochemical Reductive Amination Method
• Electrochemical Reductive Amination of P2P's over a Mercury Cathode (PDF)
• Reductive Amination with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
• Reductive amination using metallic magnesium
• Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid
• Reductive Amination of Ketones to Primary Amines using NH4Cl/NaBH4
• Reduction of Oximes and Phenylacetonitriles with ZrCl4/NaBH4
• Synthesis of Secondary Amines - A Review
• Aqueous NaBH4 Reductive Amination of Phenylacetones
• Hydrogenation of imines (DejaVu Format)
• Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate

Wacker Oxidation Methods

• Benzoquinone/DMF Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Benzoquinone/Methanol Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Methyl Man)
• DMF/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• KRV/SRV Methanol/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Patent)
• Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole(Comments)
• Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Discussions)
• Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (ZIP) As text file
• Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker
• Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes
• Cyclodextrin - Palladium Chloride as a Ketone-selective Wacker Oxidation System

(Meth)amphetamines

• Crystal Creations - Several meth syntheses
• Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines into d- and l-Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine and P2P from phenylacetaldehyde
• Notes on the synthesis of chloroephedrine and reduction to methamphetamine
• Synthesis of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• CTH reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene to Amphetamine
• Uncle Fester's Electroreduction of (pseudo)Ephedrine
• Phosphoramidomercuration of allylbenzene to give amphetamine
• Syntheses of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
• A review of amphetamine and methamphetamine reduction methods
• The Clandestine Drug Laboratory Situation in the United States 1978-81
• Reductive amination overview with references
• Reductive alkylation overview with references
• Methamphetamine from P2P with NaBH4
• Al/Hg reductive amination under pressure
• Possible electrochemical conversion of L-phenylalanine to Dextroamphetamine
• Large scale meth production via catalytic hydrogenation (Zipped Word doc)
• Preparation of amphetamine phosphate (electrolytic reduction of phenylnitropropene)
• One Pot Amphetamine synth from BzCN, MeI and NaBH₄
• Amphetamine from P2NP using Urushibara Nickel (NiCl₂/Al)
• Meth from Benzylmagnesium chloride alkylation of acetaldehyde methylimine
• Amphetamines from Propiophenones
• Methamphetamine from Phenyl-2-Propanone
• Methamphetamines from Amphetamines
• Synthesis of Allylbenzene from Cinnamaldehyde
• Synthesis of Benzyl Chloride
• Synthesis of Benzyl Cyanide
• Synthesis of Phenylacetic acid
• PTC Willgerodt synthesis of Phenylacetic acids from Acetophenones
• Synthesis of Phenyl-2-nitropropene
• Comprehensive Leuckart Reaction Overview from Organic Reactions (PDF)
• Reduction of L-Phenylalanine to dextroamphetamine
• Reduction of L-Phenylalanine to D-amphetamine and D-methamphetamine
• Synthesis of Allylbenzene and Phenyl-2-bromopropane
• Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF, 4MB)
• Preparation of Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines
• Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid
• Amphetamine Synthesis via an Acetoacetate Intermediate
• Reduction of benzylic alcohols to hydrocarbons with iodotrimethylsilane

Birch reduction

• The Complete Birch by Mr Clean
• Birch reduction of pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• The Birch Reaction: Methamphetamine from (pseudo)ephedrine
• Chem Guy's notes on Birch-like reductions
• Birch Reduction kinetics (PDF)
• Anhydrous ammonia additivies inhibiting Birch reductions (PDF)
• Patent for Birch reduction inhibiting ammonia additives (PDF)

P2P related

• Phenyl-2-Propanone (P2P) Syntheses - a Review
• Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone via Phenyl-2-Propanol
• Phenyl-2-Propanone from Allylbenzene via P2Pol
• Phenyl-2-Propanol from Styrene Oxide
• Synthesis of P2P from 3-phenyl-1-chloropropane
• The Nef Reaction - Phenyl-2-nitropropane to P2P
• Synthesis of p-Methoxy-P2P
• P2P from propenylbenzenes
• Azlactone Route to Phenyl-2-Propanones from Benzaldehydes
• Tin(II)Chloride reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• Raney Ni-Na₂PO₂ reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• Strecker degradation of α-Methyl-Phenylalanine to P2P
• P2P by Hydroboration-Oxidation of Phenylpropyne
• Phenylacetones from O-Methyl Bromoacetone Oxime

Ephedrine related

• Ephedrine: Synthesis, extraction and esterification
• Synthesis and resolution of racemic Ephedrine
• Comprehensive reference work on the extraction and synthesis of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Catalytic reduction of Ephedrine overview with references
• Ephedra (Ma Huang) as a source of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills (Chapter 5)
• Biotransformations for Ephedrine Production (PDF)
• l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde
• Debunking the Myth of Ephedrine/Methamphetamine in Chicken Feed
• Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations
• Separation of methamphetamine from ephedrine through steam distillation
• Comprehensive article on (pseudo)ephedrine acetyl ester and amide (PDF)
• Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents (PDF) US6359011 US6136864
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Waterless A/B
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Full Turps Cure
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: E-Gull & IDEA Method
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to Bee
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to E

HI/P reduction of ephedrine

• Methamphetamine Synthesis Via HI/Red Phosphorous Reduction of Ephedrine
• Meth via HI/P by Wizard X
• Hypophosphorous Acid synthesis and reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Hypophosphorous Acid reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine (with pictures)
• Curbshot's nano scale methamphetamine synth
• Placebo's meth synthesis
• Workup of the RP/HI Methamphetamine Synthesis

Methamphetamine Impurities

• Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
• Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized via chloroephedrine
• Impurities Found in Illicit Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
• References regarding impurities from the synthesis of methamphetamine
• Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P (PDF)
• Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand
• Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review
• Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine
• Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling

(Meth)cathinone

• Methcathinone FAQ 2.2
• Criticism on the Cat FAQ
• Notes on the Synthesis of Methcathinone
• The Hyperreal Methcathinone Document
• Methcatinone via Jones Reagent Oxidation
• Novel simplified Methcathinone synthesis
• Synthesis and resolution of Cathinone from Phenylpropanolamine
• Comprehensive Methcatinone FAQ (In German)
• Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone
• Potentially Psychedelic Cathinone Analogs
• Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• Stereospecific synthesis, and optical resolution of Norpseudoephedrine
• (Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization

Other Phenethylamines

• PiHKAL - THE phenethylamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
• A structural tour of Pihkal
• A comprehensive review of Pihkal, by Tyrone Slothrop
• Novel Fluoro and Nitro analogs of TMA-2 and MMDA-2
• A new route to 2,4,6-DOM and related compounds
• A new route to 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted-phenethylamines
• Ethylenediammonium diacetate - a novel nitrostyrene synthesis catalyst
• Decarboxylation of phenylalanines to phenethylamines
• Synthesis of 2C-D
• Synthesis of STP (DOM)
• Synthesis of DOC
• DOB Syntheses Without LAH
• Phenyl-2-nitropropenes from Propenylbenzenes
• Psychedelic Chemistry by M. V. Smith
• Synthesis of 2,5-dimethoxyallylbenzene
• Rhodanine route from benzaldehydes to phenylacetonitriles
• Synthesis of Indanylamphetamine (IAP)
• Synthesis of 5-Methyl-MDA
• Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (MMA)
• Synthesis of 4-Fluoroamphetamine
• Phenylnitropropenes and phenylacetones from benzaldehydes (Org. Syn.)
• Benzaldehydes from propenylbenzenes or cinnamic acids using KMnO4/alumina
• Preparation of unsymmetrical 2,5-dialkoxybenzaldehydes
• Preparation of 2,6-dialkoxybenzaldehydes
• Preparation of Phenethylamines from Benzyl Alcohols
• Preparation of Anethole and Asarone epoxide with H₂O₂/MeCN
• Synthesis of 4-Alkylthio-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehydes
• Synthesis of Phenethylamines from Phenylacetic Acids
• Synthesis of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamines
• Ultrasound Promoted Nitrostyrene Synthesis
• 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone via Darzen Condensation
• 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone
• Synthesis of 2C-CN
• Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
• Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Synthesis of Fenfluramine, with an immense amount of novel amphetamine synthesis reactions
• Sodium Percarbonate Dakin Reaction: Benzaldehydes and acetophenones to phenols
• Benzaldehydes to phenols using H2O2
• Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin
• Oxidation of benzylalcohols to benzaldehydes with acidic DMSO
• Benzaldehydes by reductive oxidation of benzoic acids
• 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Alkoxy-Phenethylamines by Zn/HCl Reduction of Nitrostyrenes
• 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroxypropenylbenzene
• Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde)
• Synthesis of all the Trimethoxyphenylpropenes
• Reactions of Asarone
• KG-60-NEt₂ as Henry reaction catalyst
• Synthesis of 3-Methyl- and 4-Methyl-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone from Hydroquinone
• Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Fluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF)
• The Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by the Henry Reaction

DMMDA-2 related

• Synthesis of DMMDA-2, 6-Br-DMMDA-2 and DMMDMA-2
• DMMDA-2 from dillapiole via the Delepine reaction
• Isodillapiole Pseudonitrosite and Nitropropene
• 4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene (pseudo-Dillapiole)

TMA-2 related

• 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene from asarone via the benzaldehyde
• TMA-2 from Calamus oil, using Wacker Oxidation and Leuckart amination
• TMA-2 directly from calamus root bark - by Randolph Carter
• Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to TMA-2
• Synthesis of 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, a TMA-2 precursor
• CTH Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to the ketoxime

Mescaline related

• Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid
• Mescaline synthesis monograph from The Alkaloids Vol III
• Synthesis of Mescaline from eucalyptus sawdust
• Synthesis and Pharmacology of 2,6-Dichloromescaline
• MMDA & Mescaline synthesis from vanillin
• Electrosynthesis of mescaline
• Mescaline through catalytic hydrogenation
• Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin
• 5-Iodovanillin and 5-hydroxyvanillin from Vanillin
• Synthesis of Syringaldehyde
• Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
• 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-Cresol
• Extraction of Mescaline from Cacti

2C-B related

• 2C-B Synthesis from 2,5-DMB
• Beaker's 2C-B synthesis using borohydride/CTH
• Improved NaBH4 reduction of nitrostyrenes to phenylnitroalkanes
• High-yield synthesis of 2C-H using LAH
• 2C-B Synthesis via Mannich reaction
• 2C-H via Darzen condensation
• Discussions of possible new 2C-B syntheses
• Reports on different successful 2C-B syntheses
• Synthesis of 2C-H via a mandelonitrile intermediate
• A novel route to 2C-B (and 2C-D/2C-E)
• Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to give 2C-H
• Improved bromination of 2C-H to 2C-B
• Bromination of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Large-scale 2C-H bromination with pictures

Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination

• Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I2/NaNO3 (PDF)
• Iodination of substituted benzenes with N-iodosuccinimide/TFA (PDF)
• Iodination procedure for DOI and 2C-I
• Another iodination procedure for DOI and 2C-I
• Aromatic Iodination
• Halogenation of methoxybenzenes with N-halosuccinimides
• 2C-C and DOC with N-chlorosuccinimide and perchloric acid
• Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-C)
• Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatics Using KI/Oxone
• Regioselective Bromination of Aromatics Using KBr/Oxone
• Regioselective Chlorination of Aromatics Using KCl/Oxone
• Aromatic Iodination with Lead Tetraacetate as the Oxidant

Reductions

• Reduction of Nitroalkenes with Zinc and Aluminum Amalgams
• Phenethylamines fron nitrostyrenes via 1 atm catalytic hydrogenation
• Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles and Nitrostyrenes to PEA's with LiBH₄/ NaBH₄and TMSCl
• Notes on the LAH reduction of nitrostyrenes
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes with Red-Al (Vitride)
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines using Red-Al
• Miscellaneous reductions of oximes to amines
• Nitrostyrene reduction using diisobutylaluminium hydride
• Zinc Borohydride Reducing Agent (PDF)
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride - Synthesis, Purification and Use (PDF)
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride Reduction - Review (DjVu)
• Borch Reduction - Cyanotrihydridoborate as a selective reducing agent (PDF)
• Sodium Borohydride/Carboxylic Acids - Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
• Sodium Borohydride in Carboxylic Acid Media - Review (DjVu)
• Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes at 1 atm H₂
• Aqueous CTH with PdCl2/HCOOH/NaOH of cinnamic acids to hydrocinnamates
• Synthesis and Reduction of Azides
• Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Ammonium Formate
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Hydrazinium Formate
• Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with 2-phenylbenzimidazoline
• Poisoning and Deactivation of Palladium Catalysts (PDF)
• Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
• Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles to Phenethylamines
• Electroreduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (DejaVu Format)
• Reduction of Phenolic Nitrostyrenes with LAH
• Electroreduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes and Amines
• Reductions with Sodium Borohydride/Sulfur - NaBH₂S₃ (PDF)
• Reductions with Alkyloxyaluminohydrides, Red-Al etc. (PDF)

Tryptamines

• TiHKAL - THE tryptamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
• Tryptamine Synthesis from Tryptophan
• Synthesis of Tryptamine and 5-MeO-Tryptamine
• Synthesis of 5-Methoxytryptamine (Mexamine)
• alpha-Methyltryptamine (IT-290, AMT) Synthesis
• Indole-3-acetaldehyde from Tryptophan
• Synthesis of 5-Bromo-Indole
• Synthesis of Indoleacetic acid
• Synthesis of 5-Cyano-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-CN-DMT)
• Synthesis of 7-bromotryptamine HCl
• Indole-3-acetonitrile by Cyanomethylation of Indole
• Preparation of alpha-Substituted Tryptamines from Isatins

Psilocybin related

• Extraction, TLC Analysis and Purification of Psilocybian Alkaloids
• Synthesis of Psilocin
• Synthesis of Psilocybin and 4-Acetoxy-DMT (O-Acetyl-psilocin)
• Psilocin Analogs, bromine or formyl substituted at either the 5- or 7-position (PDF)
• Psilocin synthesis through Pd-catalyzed alkyne cyclization (PDF)
• Large-scale synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin (PDF)
• Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass

DMT

• DMT and DET synthesis
• Synthesis of DMT (and other dialkyltryptamines) from tryptamine
• Synthesis of DMT from Indoleacetic acid
• Synthesis of DMT via Tryptophol
• DMT synthesis via direct Fischer Indole Synthesis
• DMT from 2-nitrostyrenes
• DMT and 5-MeO-DMT from Me2NH/Cl-CH₂CHO/Indole
• DMT tartrate prep, starting from Acacia maidenii bark
• 5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (O,N-Dimethylserotonin), synthesis, isolation and analysis

LSD

• LSD from Ergotamine Tartrate
• Novel synthetic route to LSD from elymoclavine
• LSD synth discussions
• LSD Material Safety Data Sheet
• How to field test blotters for presence of LSD
• A few Syntheses of LSD
• Possible two-step synth of LSD from LSA and iso-LSA
• LSD Synthesis References
• Several LSD syntheses
• Patent of the synthesis of LSD
• Lysergic acid from ergocristine
• New routes from LSA to LSD
• LSD Trafficking overview by the DEA
• LSD Manufacture overview by the DEA
• Field Identification Manual for Claviceps Ergot Fungus (PDF)
• Synthesis of Lysergic Acid from Paspalic Acid
• Ergot Alkaloid article by Arthur Stoll (PDF)
• LSD Total Synthesis by Cobalt-catalyzed cyclization of 4-Ethynyl-Indole-3-Acetonitrile (PDF)
• Synthetic Studies on (+)-Lysergic Acid (PDF)
• Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis, Tet. Rep. #14 (PDF)

Opiates and Opioids

• Codeine to Morphine Conversion Review
• Extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• New patent on the extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• Morphine and Opium Alkaloids
• Identification tests of morphine
• Synthesis of Dimenoxadol
• Total synthesis of morphine Page 1 Page 2
• Synthesis of Levorphanol (levo-Dromoran)
• Synthesis of Pethidine (Demerol)
• One-step synthesis of Prodine
• Theoretical Study of Acyclic Fentanyl Analogs
• Methadone Synthesis Overview
• Morphine and structurally related analgesics
• Pethidine-type Analgesics Overview
• The Stereochemistry of Morphine
• Total synthesis of Morphine (PDF)
• Total Synthesis of Morphine
• Codeine FAQ
• Chromic's Coldwater Codeine Extraction
• Codeinone from Thebaine
• Catalytic rearrangement of Morphine/Codeine to Hydromorphone/Hydrocodone
• Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone
• 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Codeine (PDF)
• 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Thebaine (PDF)
• Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog
• Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine
• Synthesis of Methadone
• Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology

Oxycodone/Oxymorphone

• Oxycodone and Codeinone from Codeine
• Oxycodone and Oxymorphone from Codeine
• Oxymorphone from Oxycodone

Fentanyl related

• Fentanyl Synthesis
• Discussions on a Fentanyl analog suggested by Drone #342
• Carfentanil synthesis
• Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-Fentanyl (PDF)
• Synthesis and evaluation of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl (PDF)
• Theoretical study of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl and other Fentanyl analogs

Heroin related

• Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• Heroin manufacture
• The original article on the synthesis of heroin
• The making of heroin
• Review of different Heroin syntheses from Morphine

Misc Drugs

GHB related

• GHB Synthesis FAQ
• Preparation of Sodium GHB by Chem-R-Us
• Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-GHB
• Synthesis and evaluation of the GHB analogs MAB and DABD
• Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) to gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)
• References for the oxidation of THF to GBL
• Sodium bromate oxidation of THF to GBL (PDF)
• Solvent-free Permanganate oxidation of THF and 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• Hypochlorite oxidation of 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• Potential for gamma-Butyrolactone Synthesis from Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-Butanediol

Dissociatives

• Synthesis and Effects of PCP Analogs - A Review
• Illicit Synthesis of Phencyclidine (PCP) and Several of Its Analogs
• The detection of PCC contamination in PCP and TCP
• Synthesis of Eticyclidine and Rolicyclidine
• Synthesis of Ketamine
• Synthesis of Ketamine with all precursors made from scratch
• Synthesis of 4-Methoxy-PCP

Benzodiazepines

• Synthesis of Diazepam
• Synthesis of Nordiazepam
• Synthesis of Nitrazepam
• Synthesis of Clonazepam

THC related

• Fantastic THC synthesis overview
• The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids (78 pages, 151 references, 6 MB PDF)

Cocaine Related

• Synthesis of Cocaine
• A nice little cartoon, describing the manufacture of cocaine
• Synthesis of Cocaine analogs from Arecoline
• Cocaine analogs - halogenated benztropines
• Topics in the chemistry of cocaine
• Coca Cultivation & Cocaine Processing
• Nitrone Synthetic Route to Cocaine
• Cocaine containing plants
• SAR and Synthesis of Cocaine Analogs (PDF)
• Phenyltropane analogs with >60x the potency of Cocaine itself (DejaVu Format)

Other Stimulants

• Synthesis of the stimulants Adrafinil and Modafinil
• Synthesis of 1-Benzylpiperazine (BzP, A2)
• 4-Methyl Aminorex synthesis FAQ (beta)
• Large info/synthesis collection on 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
• Pemoline Synthesis
• Chemistry of 2-Amino-Oxazolines
• Diarylpiperidines as potential CNS stimulants
• Synthesis of diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methanol and diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methane
• Synthesis of BPAP, a Potent and Selective Catecholamine Activity Enhancer (PDF)
• Synthesis of optically pure threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Other Drugs

• Methaqualone (Quaalude) Synthesis
• Synthesis of Meprobamate (Miltown)
• Synthesis of Chloral Hydrate
• Preparation of trichlorobutanol (Chlorbutol)
• Synthesis of phenylpiperazine derivatives
• Hormones and Other Anabolic Drugs
• BZ and related substances
• Review: Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Chemistry, Biology & Ethnomycology (PDF)
• Synthesis of Muscimol
• Synthesis of several Barbiturates
• Barbiturates, their chemistry and synthesis
• Notes on Adrenochrome
• Improved extraction of Salvinorins from Salvia Divinorum
• Possible synthesis of Salvinorin
• The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kava-Kava
• Synthesis of Thiomuscimol, a potent muscimol analog
• Synthesis of Moclobemide
• Synthesis of Melperone
• Synthesis of Benzocaine
• First Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• Development of the Commercial Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• One-pot synthesis of Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban)

Precursors and Reagents

Organic

• Methylamine Synthesis FAQ
• Nitroalkane Synthesis FAQ
• Nitroethane Synthesis: A Compilation
• Oxalyl chloride
• Phenylhydrazines
• Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
• Methylene bromide
• Methylene iodide
• Cinnamic acid and beta-Bromostyrene
• Allylbenzene from cinnamyl alcohol
• Diethyl ether
• Acetic anhydride, Propionic anhydride and Acetyl chloride
• Formic acid
• Acetamide
• Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Amines
• Various formylation procedures
• Modified Duff Formylation with HMTA/TFA
• Aromatic Formylation using Triformamide
• Gattermann Aromatic Formylation
• Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes (Review)
• Anilines to Benzaldehydes (Organic Syntheses)
• Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners
• Info on nutmeg, extraction of nutmeg oil and isolation of myristicin
• Bromobenzene
• Mandelic Acid and Derivatives
• para-Benzoquinone
• Toluquinone and Toluhydroquinone
• Ethyl Acetoacetate
• Notes on the use of 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethylene (DMANE)
• Preparation of Acetophenones
• Acetophenones and Propiophenones
• Easy preparation of Chloroform
• Citric acid from lemon juice
• N-methylformamide
• Dichloromethyl methyl ether
• Chloroacetone and Bromoacetone
• Methyl Iodide from Methanol
• Great reference on natural propenylbenzenes and aldehydes (in German)
• Natural amphetamine precursors (with pictures)
• 2-Phenylpropanal
• Allyl Alcohol
• Preparation of Diphenylacetic acids (PDF)
• Alkyl Bromides from Alcohols
• Alkyl Nitrites from Alcohols
• Isopropyl Nitrite doc 2.0
• Ketene
• Acetonedicarboxylic Acid
• Diethyl Sulfate
• N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS)
• Aromatic nitration with KNO₃/H₂SO₄ in DCM (ortho-Selective)
• Aromatic nitration with NaHSO₄/NaNO₃/SiO₂ in DCM
• Acetaldehyde and Paraldehyde
• Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB)
• 2-Nitropropene
• Ethyl Acetate
• Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD)
• Nitrobenzene and Aniline
• Chloroacetic acid
• Benzylamine and its N-Methyl and N,N-Dimethyl derivatives
• Methylisopropylamine
• Alkyl Chlorides to Alkyl Bromides using CaBr₂/PTC
• alpha-Phenylethylamine, Synthesis and Optical Resolution
• Synthesis and resolution of alpha-Phenethylamine
• 3-Hydroxythiophenol (mono-thioresorcinol)
• Acids to aldehydes using Saccharin and Red-Al
• Silica Gel Supported Jones Reagent for the Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes
• One-pot Conversion of Alcohols to Primary Amines
• Phenol methylation with Betaine
• Oxone Promoted Nef Reaction

Inorganic

• Iodine crystals from Povidone-Iodine
• Iodine from Iodides with Ultrasound
• Iodine from Iodine tincture
• Cyanogen Iodide (ICN)
• Potassium dichromate
• Palladium & Platinum catalysts preparation FAQ
• Urushibara Catalysts - New Hydrogenation Catalysts
• Rochelle salt (Potassium Sodium Tartrate)
• Sodium Cyanide
• Copper Chromite (dehydrogenation catalyst)
• Cuprous Chloride
• Mercury Salts (HgCl₂, Hg₂Cl₂, HgSO₄)
• Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)
• Lead Tetraacetate, Pb(OAc)₄
• Red Phosphorous from matchbook strikers
• Sodium Nitrite
• Guanidine Nitrate from Calcium Cyanamide
• Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
• Manganese(III)acetate
• H₂O₂ FAQ from H₂O₂.com
• H₂O₂ FAQ
• Cyanogen Bromide (CNBr)
• Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia
• Aluminum Chloride and Aluminum Bromide
• Lithium Borohydride
• Dithionite Salts Preparation
• Palladium(II)Chloride, PdCl₂
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• Thionyl Chloride Purification
• Hydrazine Sulfate (OTC Prep)

Preparation of Gases

• Preparation of 57% Hydriodic Acid
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide and 57% Hydriodic Acid
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride (Ghetto Prep)
• Hydrogen Gas
• Chlorine
• Nitrous Oxide

Law Related

• Joint Assessment of MDMA Trafficking Trends
• DEA's Suspicious Chemical Orders Task Force
• Special Surveillance List of Chemicals, Products, Materials and Equipment
• Code of Federal Regulations - Schedules of Controlled Substances
• Watched and Listed chemicals in the US
• Buying Chemicals, Glassware and Lab Equipment
• Abstracts from the forensic journal J. Cland. Lab. Invest. Chem. Assoc.
• Yogi Shan's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ
• DEA report on future synthetic drugs of abuse
• Alexander Shulgin elaborates on future drugs of abuse
• Clandestine Drug Synthesis Review (DejaVu Format)
• Methamphetamine Control Act
• Methamphetamine Control Act FAQ
• Methamphetamine Precursor Chemical Control in the 1990's
• Precursors Frequently used in Clandestine Laboratories by INCB (PDF)
• Drugs and Chemicals of Concern
• Drug Precursor Chemical Control in Canada
• Amphetamine-type Stimulants - A Global Overview (PDF)
• Chemical Diversion and Synthetic Drug Manufacture (PDF)
• Code of Practice for Supply Diversion into Illicit Drug Manufacture (Australia)
• The Control and Monitoring of Drugs and Chemicals to Prevent their Diversion for Illicit Use (Australia)

Controlled Substances and Precursors

• CSA - Canada
• CSA - Canada, with structural diagrams
• CSA - United States (Shedules 1999)
• CSA - United States (Entire Act)
• CSA - United States (Controlled substances and exemptions)
• CSA - Germany
• Betäubungsmittelgesetz (Germany)
• Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (Germany, PDF)
• Regulation on narcotic substances (Iceland)
• Sweden - Controlled Substances
• Norway - Controlled Substances
• Norway - List of herbs and compounds classified as pharmaceuticals
• CSA - Estonia
• Drug precursors subject to EU authorisations
• List I and List II Chemicals (US)
• UN Report INCB/1999/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking
• UN Report INCB/1998/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking
• New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act

Equipment & Lab Technique

• Setup for standard, vacuum and fractional distillation
• All-glass rotary evaporator
• Aspirator vacuum station with no need for running water
• Improvised Overhead Stirrer
• Homemade microgram scale
• Natural pH Indicators
• Digital vacuum gauge
• Build your own high-quality still (PDF)
• Do it yourself buchner funnel (PDF)
• Tips for Safe Parr Hydrogenator Use (PDF)
• A Simple and Easy Quick-Connect System for Condenser Hoses
• How to set up distillation equipment and much more (in German)
• Handling of air- and moisture-sensitive reagents (Aldrich Bulletin)
• Ground Glassware - Sizes and standards (PDF)
• Efficient Kugelrohr Distillation Cooling (PDF)
• Cheaply made Glove Box
• Very detailed distillation setup instructions
• Construction and Selection of Fume Hood Designs (PDF)
• Construction of a Liebig condenser from copper tubing
• How to perform a vacuum filtration
• How to perform extractions and washes with a separatory funnel
• Destruction and neutralization of hazardous lab waste
• Magnetic Stirrer Plans
• How thick is your Aluminum Foil?
• Construction and operation of a catalytic hydrogenation bomb
• Recrystallization Technique
• Basic Lab Skills - Crystallization, Distillation, Extraction, TLC, melting point
• Designing a Chemistry Laboratory (DejaVu Format)
• Constructing a good fume hood (DejaVu Format)
• Scientific Glassblowing, Part 1 (DejaVu Format)
• Scientific Glassblowing, Part 2 (DejaVu Format)
• Description of Equipment and Basic Lab Setups
• The Glassware Gallery - Drawings and Descriptions of Lab Equipment
• Needle Gauge sizes
• Simple Glass to Fancy Glass
• Construction of an Inline Gas Dryer (moisture protection tube)
• Cheap and efficient hydrogenation apparatus
• The Visual Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Lab technique explained in detail with pictures
• Ultra-micro boiling point determination
• Extraction Theory
• How a Soxhlet Extraction Apparatus Works
• Comprehensive Vacuum Pump FAQ with sections about Vacuum Gauges and Tubing
• Heat sources and heating bath fluids

Chromatography

• Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) tutorial from Zubrick (DejaVu Format)
• Making TLC Plates from Bulk TLC Silica Gels
• How to Cut TLC Plastic and Aluminum Sheets correctly?
• TLC Tutorial Movie (Quicktime)
• How to perform flash chromatography
• First journal article describing flash chromatography
• Amateur Chromatography and Electrophoresis
• Flash Pad Chromatography - Simple Alternative to Columns

Solvents

• Instructions on how to use drying agents
• Drying Agent Selection Guide
• Drying Agent Data
• Some Common Drying Agents
• Drying of Solvents and Laboratory Chemicals
• Drying solvents with Sodium/Benzophenone
• Miscibility of Common Solvents
• Solvent Miscibility and Polarity
• Solvent recovery of Tetrahydrofuran (PDF)
• Distillation and drying of solvents
• Purification of laboratory solvents
• Azeotrope database
• Physical properties of solvents and other liquids
• NMR Solvents

Chemical Data

• Calculate the boiling point of liquids under vacuum
• Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees
• Convert vacuum, pressure, volume and length units
• Convert between different pressure units
• Chemputer - Calculate reaction yields
• HTML Periodic Chart
• Types and properties of hydrofluorocarbons/HFCs and freons/CFCs (PDF)
• Celsius/Fahrenheit Concersion Chart (PDF)
• Common Concentrations of Acids and Bases (weight%, molarity, density)
• Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds
• Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds in DMSO (PDF)
• A collection of liquid reagents along with their molarities
• Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook
• Chemical calculator
• Chemical resistance tables for a wide range of materials (PDF)
• Useful Tables for Lab Use - Properties, Units, Solutions, Safety & a Periodic System (PDF)

Multimedia

• Clandestine Chemistry Photo Album
• From Safrole to MDA
• Reductive amination of MDP2P with Al/Hg and Nitromethane
• Bucket Reductive Amination via MethylMan Al/Hg Nitromethane
• Red P/Iodine Reduction of Pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• PCP Synthesis via Enamine Intermediate
• Methylamine from Ammonium Chloride and Formaldehyde
• The best tribute to The Hive that has ever been seen

Miscellaneous

• OTC Solvents FAQ 1.0
• Extraction FAQ
• An introduction to catalytic transfer hydrogenation
• PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hydrogen Peroxide
• PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hypochlorite
• General procedure for Collins reagent oxidations
• Psychotomimetic Chemical Weapons
• Technical information on hard gelatin capsules
• Gelatin capsule size chart (PDF)
• General Alkaloid Extraction Doc
• Grignard reactions in solvents other than ether
• Grignard Reactions in "Wet" Ether
• Aldehydes from grignard reagents and formic acid salts
• Aldehydes from grignard reagents using 2-(N-Methyl,N-Formylamino)pyridine
• Wizard X's Homepage
• The Complete Organic Synthesis online (with structure search engine)
• ChemHead Chemistry - bulletin board and syntheses
• The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend POPeye
• The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend Eleusis/Zwitterion
• The collected works of hallucinogen researcher Richard A Glennon
• m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Reaction Handbook (PDF)
• m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Technical Bulletin (PDF)
• Color test drug identification reference (PDF)
• Comprenhensive organic reduction overview
• Essential Oils in Hundreds of Plants, all Containing Phenylpropene Derivatives
• Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed (DjVu E-Book)
• Nickel-on-Charcoal - A dirt cheap Pd/C alternative? (PDF)
• Nickel-on-Charcoal - Improved preparation (PDF)
• A Whirlwind Tour of Current Mitsunobu Chemistry (PDF)
• Aryl Halides to Thiophenols using Thiourea
• Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
• The Watcher's Chemistry Works (Snapshot Jan 2003)
• CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
• Oxidation of Benzylalcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO

References

• Lilienthal's Pharmacological and Chemical References
• Large collection of phenethylamine and tryptamine synth refs
• Phenethylamine synthesis patents
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines - Comprehensive Literature Search
• Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by Condensation of Benzaldehydes with Nitroalkanes
• Neurotransmitter.Net - Great Abstracted Neuropharmacology Archive
• The Albert Hofmann Collection: LSD & Psilocybin References
• MDMA: A Review of the English-Language Scientific and Medical Literature

Microwave Chemistry Research

• Microwave Chemistry tips
• Microwave Chemistry FAQ
• Dariusz Bogdall's Microwave Syntheses
• Miscellaneous information on clays
• MW-chem: Preparation of alkyl azides from alkyl bromides
• MW-chem: Reductive amination with NaBH4
• MW-chem: Reduction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH4
• MW-chem: Nitroalkene preparation from benzaldehydes (PDF)
• MW-chem: Benzaldehydes from alcohols using MnO2/Silica (PDF)
• MW-chem: Preparation of beta-nitrostyrenes from styrenes
• MW-chem: An introductory overview from New Scientist by Gavin Whittaker
• MW-Chem: Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
• MW-Chem: Ethers from alcohols and alkyl halides
• MW-chem: Theoretical and mechanistical background (PDF)
• MW-chem: Organic Chemistry Review (PDF)
• MW-chem: Wolff-Kishner reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (PDF)
• MW-chem: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones
• MW-chem: High-yielding Azidation of Primary and Secondary Tosylates

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